Current Issue : July-September Volume : 2022 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) has been widely used in small area estimation for health indicators. Bayesian estimation is usually used to construct statistical intervals, however, its computational intensity is a big challenge for large complex surveys. Frequentist approaches, such as bootstrapping, and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, are also applied but not evaluated in terms of the interval magnitude, width, and the computational time consumed. The 2013 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data was used as a case study. County-level estimated prevalence of three health-related outcomes was obtained through a GLMM; and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from bootstrapping and MC simulation. The intervals were compared to 95% credential intervals through a hierarchial Bayesian model. The results showed that 95% CIs for county-level estimates of each outcome by using MC simulation were similar to the 95% credible intervals generated by Bayesian estimation and were the most computationally efficient. It could be a viable option for constructing statistical intervals for small area estimation in public health practice....
Neural machine translation systems have revolutionized translation processes in terms of quantity and speed in recent years, and they have even been claimed to achieve human parity. However, the quality of their output has also raised serious doubts and concerns, such as loss in lexical variation, evidence of “machine translationese”, and its effect on post-editing, which results in “post-editese”. In this study, we analyze the outputs of three English to Slovenian machine translation systems in terms of lexical diversity in three different genres. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we analyze one statistical and two neural systems, and we compare them to a human reference translation. Our quantitative analyses based on lexical diversity metrics show diverging results; however, translation systems, particularly neural ones, mostly exhibit larger lexical diversity than their human counterparts. Nevertheless, a qualitative method shows that these quantitative results are not always a reliable tool to assess true lexical diversity and that a lot of lexical “creativity”, especially by neural translation systems, is often unreliable, inconsistent, and misguided....
Under heteroscedasticity, we propose one-stage multiple comparison procedures for several treatment groups compared with several control groups in terms of exponential mean lifetimes. The simultaneous confidence intervals including one-sided and two-sided confidence intervals for the difference between the mean lifetime from the i-th treatment group and the mean lifetime from the j-th control group are developed in this research. The required critical values are obtained and tabulated for the practical use of users. The experimenters can use these simultaneous confidence intervals to determine whether the treatment mean lifetimes are better than several controls or worse than several controls under a specified confidence level. Finally, one example of comparing the mean duration of remission using four drugs for treating leukemia is used for the aims of illustrations....
With the continuous development of social economy, social sport is more and more valued and favored by the people as a universal and nationwide sport, but it should be noted that social sport involves a wide range of aspects, but due to its particularity, it is also constrained by economic development. In view of these needs and limitations, three technical methods of entropy method, RSR (rank-sum ratio), and TOPSIS are introduced, to sort out the development of social sports, national physical development, social sports guidance, and the number of people to be measured in various places based on the relevant technologies of smart cities in this paper, realize the application analysis of social sports in the public service level. This paper aims to provide a scientific evaluation and evaluation method for social sports information cloud services. The results of simulation experiments show that the evaluation of social sports information cloud service quality based on smart cities is effective, and the comprehensive application of methods can be implemented perfectly, and the further promotion and popularization of social sports services can be realized....
A coupling method is presented to integrate well-known geotechnical modeling commercial programs with a reliability one. Coupling enables us to use transformation methods, such as the first-order reliability method (FORM), to evaluate the reliability index (β) of a model, via the limit equilibrium (LEM) or the finite-element method (FEM). It was applied to a case study of a stageconstructed embankment on soft ground by considering two conditions, unreinforced and reinforced, to investigate its probabilistic stability. In addition, the value of β associated with a postconstruction settlement was acquired, and it showed one possibility that the coupling method is able to provide. The influence of the uncertainty level on reliability analysis was also analyzed. The outcomes were compared to the crude Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, the proposed approach was satisfactory, and the advantage of using it is presented; with a much lower computational cost than simulation methods, evaluation time may be up to 13.8 times faster than usual with great precision. Moreover, this approach can apply to other commercial programs widely used in practice....
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